do not tolerate the winter temperatures in New England, and it is believed that the adults and juvenile earthworms die off during the winter, only cocoons survive to the next season. Amynthas agrestis, for example, was previously reported in Hampshire County on Octoand Suffolk County in Boston, MA as reported by Gates (1953) and at the time referred to as Pheretima agrestis (Reynolds, 1977).Īmynthas spp. Previous records indicate the presence of Amynthas agrestis in Massachusetts, however it is possible that other related species might also be present. This group of earthworms has been receiving a lot of attention recently due to their invasive nature. commonly being referred to as “jumping worms, crazy worms, or snake worms”, among other names. Most notable members of this group are Amynthas spp. It is unlikely to see these earthworms active during the summer, since they are not tolerant of hot temperatures and survive the summer in a quiescence or resting stage. Lumbricids are relatively cold tolerant and adapted to survive cold temperatures during the winter by burrowing below the freezing point. Hatching occurs in the spring and earthworms of this group can live up to 10 years, but most vigorous growth happens during the first couple of growing seasons.
Earthworms of this group produce cocoons at any time of the year with the peak occurring in the spring, a second smaller peak in fall, and the lowest cocoon production occurs during the winter (Reviewed by Lee 1985). Despite the diversity within this family, members of the Lumbricidae share a similar biology, life cycle, and ecology. The majority of the species found in Massachusetts belong to family Lumbricidae, commonly also known as Lumbricids or European earthworms. Since then, at least 45 non-native species of earthworms have been introduced into North America (north of Mexico) from areas such as Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America (Hendrix and Bohlen, 2002). According to past literature, at least 21 species of earthworms have been collected from various locations in Massachusetts. Few native earthworms remained in the areas impacted by the glaciers by the time of European settlement. Glacial activity in the Pleistocene is thought to have eliminated what would have been most of the native earthworm species from Canada and the northern United States at the time. They are classified within the Phylum Annelida (segmented or ringed worms) and Class Clitellata (worms possessing a type of collar structure which holds importance during reproduction and can be used in identification).
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